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locate command

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Unix Find Tutorial/Find logical expressions Finding SUID/SGUID files Selecting files using their age Traversal control Using find for backups Usage with cpio
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The utility locate is rather primitive utility which operates with a database of information about filesystem instead of actual filesystem. Database is updated via cron using the updatedb program

The utility locate is very useful for quick finding of files and directories using basic regular expression.  As such is can simplify and quicken navigation in a complex maze of filesystem directories.

It needs to be installed from GNU findutils. For linux alternative implementation is rlocate. There is also a secure version slocate - Security Enhanced version of the GNU Locate

locate [-d path | --database=path] [-e | --existing] [-i | --ignore-case ] [--version] [--help] pattern...

Locate provides a quick method to search for files on your system. It uses index database but that means that it depends of the currency of the database. This is a deficiency: you buy speed at the expense of currency. The index database makes searching much faster then find. \

-d path
--database=path
Instead of searching the default file name database, search the file name databases in path, which is a colon-separated list of database file names. You can also use the environment variable LOCATE_PATH to set the list of database files to search. The option overrides the environment variable if both are used.

The file name database format changed starting with GNU find and locate version 4.0 to allow machines with different byte orderings to share the databases. This version of locate can automatically recognize and read databases produced for older versions of GNU locate or Unix versions of locate or find.
 

-e
--existing
Only print out such names that currently exist (instead of such names that existed when the database was created). Note that this may slow down the program a lot, if there are many matches in the database.
 
-i
--ignore-case
Ignore case distinctions in both the pattern and the file names.
--help Print a summary of the options to locate and exit.
--version Print the version number of locate and exit.

Examples

locate perl -- Locate file perl in the DB and Print the path.

locate -i perl -- Same search as above, case insensitive.

locate -q perl  -- Run in Quiet Mode.

locate -n 2 perl -- Limit the no. of results shown to 2 first.

locate -U locater -o locateDB -- Create index DB starting at locater and store the index file in locateDB.

In the above example the system would locate perl on the local machine.

Note: You may need to run the "updatedb" command to update the database in order to find the file you are searching for. This command should be ran from cron daily or several times a day.

RELATED COMMANDS

find
whereis
xargs

To search for files by name without having to actually scan the directories on the disk (which can be slow), you can use the locate program. For each shell pattern you give it, locate searches one or more databases of file names and displays the file names that contain the pattern. See Shell Pattern Matching, for details about shell patterns.

If a pattern is a plain string—it contains no metacharacters—locate displays all file names in the database that contain that string. If a pattern contains metacharacters, locate only displays file names that match the pattern exactly. As a result, patterns that contain metacharacters should usually begin with a ‘*’, and will most often end with one as well. The exceptions are patterns that are intended to explicitly match the beginning or end of a file name.

If you only want locate to match against the last component of the file names (the “base name” of the files) you can use the ‘--basename’ option. The opposite behaviour is the default, but can be selected explicitly by using the option ‘--wholename’.

The command

     locate pattern

is almost equivalent to

     find directories -name pattern

where directories are the directories for which the file name databases contain information. The differences are that the locate information might be out of date, and that locate handles wildcards in the pattern slightly differently than find (see Shell Pattern Matching).

The file name databases contain lists of files that were on the system when the databases were last updated. The system administrator can choose the file name of the default database, the frequency with which the databases are updated, and the directories for which they contain entries.

Here is how to select which file name databases locate searches. The default is system-dependent. At the time this document was generated, the default was /usr/local/var/locatedb.

--database=path
-d path
Instead of searching the default file name database, search the file name databases in path, which is a colon-separated list of database file names. You can also use the environment variable LOCATE_PATH to set the list of database files to search. The option overrides the environment variable if both are used.

GNU locate can read file name databases generated by the slocate package. However, these generally contain a list of all the files on the system, and so when using this database, locate will produce output only for files which are accessible to you. See Invoking locate, for a description of the ‘--existing’ option which is used to do this.

The updatedb program can also generate database in a format compatible with slocate. See Invoking updatedb, for a description of its ‘--dbformat’ and ‘--output’ options.


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[Apr 19, 2021] How to Install and Use locate Command in Linux

Apr 19, 2021 | www.linuxshelltips.com

Before using the locate command you should check if it is installed in your machine. A locate command comes with GNU findutils or GNU mlocate packages. You can simply run the following command to check if locate is installed or not.

$ which locate
Check locate Command
Check locate Command

If locate is not installed by default then you can run the following commands to install.

$ sudo yum install mlocate     [On CentOS/RHEL/Fedora]
$ sudo apt install mlocate     [On Debian/Ubuntu/Mint]

Once the installation is completed you need to run the following command to update the locate database to quickly get the file location. That's how your result is faster when you use the locate command to find files in Linux.

$ sudo updatedb

The mlocate db file is located at /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db .

$ ls -l /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db
mlocate database
mlocate database

A good place to start and get to know about locate command is using the man page.

$ man locate
locate command manpage
locate command manpage
How to Use locate Command to Find Files Faster in Linux

To search for any files simply pass the file name as an argument to locate command.

$ locate .bashrc
Locate Files in Linux
Locate Files in Linux

If you wish to see how many matched items instead of printing the location of the file you can pass the -c flag.

$ sudo locate -c .bashrc
Find File Count Occurrence
Find File Count Occurrence

By default locate command is set to be case sensitive. You can make the search to be case insensitive by using the -i flag.

$ sudo locate -i file1.sh
Find Files Case Sensitive in Linux
Find Files Case Sensitive in Linux

You can limit the search result by using the -n flag.

$ sudo locate -n 3 .bashrc
Limit Search Results
Limit Search Results

When you delete a file and if you did not update the mlocate database it will still print the deleted file in output. You have two options now either to update mlocate db periodically or use -e flag which will skip the deleted files.

$ locate -i -e file1.sh
Skip Deleted Files
Skip Deleted Files

You can check the statistics of the mlocate database by running the following command.

$ locate -S
mlocate database stats
mlocate database stats

If your db file is in a different location then you may want to use -d flag followed by mlocate db path and filename to be searched for.

$ locate -d [ DB PATH ] [ FILENAME ]

Sometimes you may encounter an error, you can suppress the error messages by running the command with the -q flag.

$ locate -q [ FILENAME ]

That's it for this article. We have shown you all the basic operations you can do with locate command. It will be a handy tool for you when working on the command line.

[Jul 29, 2019] Locate Command in Linux

Jul 25, 2019 | linuxize.com

... ... ...

The locate command also accepts patterns containing globbing characters such as the wildcard character * . When the pattern contains no globbing characters the command searches for *PATTERN* , that's why in the previous example all files containing the search pattern in their names were displayed.

The wildcard is a symbol used to represent zero, one or more characters. For example, to search for all .md files on the system you would use:

locate *.md

To limit the search results use the -n option followed by the number of results you want to be displayed. For example, the following command will search for all .py files and display only 10 results:

locate -n 10 *.py

By default, locate performs case-sensitive searches. The -i ( --ignore-case ) option tels locate to ignore case and run case-insensitive search.

locate -i readme.md
/home/linuxize/p1/readme.md
/home/linuxize/p2/README.md
/home/linuxize/p3/ReadMe.md

To display the count of all matching entries, use the -c ( --count ) option. The following command would return the number of all files containing .bashrc in their names:

locate -c .bashrc
6

By default, locate doesn't check whether the found files still exist on the file system. If you deleted a file after the latest database update if the file matches the search pattern it will be included in the search results.

To display only the names of the files that exist at the time locate is run use the -e ( --existing ) option. For example, the following would return only the existing .json files:

locate -e *.json

If you need to run a more complex search you can use the -r ( --regexp ) option which allows you to search using a basic regexp instead of patterns. This option can be specified multiple times.
For example, to search for all .mp4 and .avi files on your system and ignore case you would run:

locate --regex -i "(\.mp4|\.avi)"

[Jul 16, 2017] 10 Useful 'locate' Command

Jul 16, 2017 | www.tecmint.com
Limit Search Queries to a Specific Number

You can limit your search returns to a required number to avoid redundancy with your search results using the -n command.

For example, if you want just 20 results from your queries, you can type the following command:

$ locate "*.html" -n 20

/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/aapocclcgogkmnckokdopfmhonfmgoek/0.9_0/main.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/aohghmighlieiainnegkcijnfilokake/0.9_0/main.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/felcaaldnbdncclmgdcncolpebgiejap/1.1_0/main.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/kbfnbcaeplbcioakkpcpgfkobkghlhen/14.752.848_0/forge.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/kbfnbcaeplbcioakkpcpgfkobkghlhen/14.752.848_0/src/popup.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nlipoenfbbikpbjkfpfillcgkoblgpmj/3.9.16_0/additional-feature.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nlipoenfbbikpbjkfpfillcgkoblgpmj/3.9.16_0/background.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nlipoenfbbikpbjkfpfillcgkoblgpmj/3.9.16_0/edit.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nlipoenfbbikpbjkfpfillcgkoblgpmj/3.9.16_0/help.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nlipoenfbbikpbjkfpfillcgkoblgpmj/3.9.16_0/options.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nlipoenfbbikpbjkfpfillcgkoblgpmj/3.9.16_0/popup.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nlipoenfbbikpbjkfpfillcgkoblgpmj/3.9.16_0/purchase.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nlipoenfbbikpbjkfpfillcgkoblgpmj/3.9.16_0/upload.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nlipoenfbbikpbjkfpfillcgkoblgpmj/3.9.16_0/oauth2/oauth2.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/nmmhkkegccagdldgiimedpiccmgmieda/1.0.0.2_0/html/craw_window.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/pkedcjkdefgpdelpbcmbmeomcjbeemfm/5516.1005.0.3_0/cast_route_details.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/pkedcjkdefgpdelpbcmbmeomcjbeemfm/5516.1005.0.3_0/feedback.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/pkedcjkdefgpdelpbcmbmeomcjbeemfm/5516.1005.0.3_0/cast_setup/devices.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/pkedcjkdefgpdelpbcmbmeomcjbeemfm/5516.1005.0.3_0/cast_setup/index.html
/home/tecmint/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions/pkedcjkdefgpdelpbcmbmeomcjbeemfm/5516.1005.0.3_0/cast_setup/offers.html

The results will show the first 20 files that end with .html .

3. Display The Number of Matching Entries

If you want to display the count of all matching entries of file " tecmint ", use the locate -c command.

$ locate -c [tecmint]*

1550
4. Ignore Case Sensitive Locate Outputs

By default, locate is configured to process queries in a case sensitive manner meaning TEXT.TXT will point you to a different result than text.txt .

To have locate command ignore case sensitivity and show results for both uppercase and lowercase queries, input commands with the -i option.

$ locate -i *text.txt*

/home/tecmint/TEXT.txt
/home/tecmint/text.txt
5. Refresh mlocate Database

Since locate command relies on a database called mlocate . The said database needs to be updated regularly for the command utility to work
efficiently.

To update the mlocate database, you use a utility called updatedb . It should be noted that you will need superuser privileges for this to work properly, is it needs to be executed as root or sudo privileges.

$ sudo updatedb
6. Display Only Files Present in Your System

When you have an updated mlocate database**, locate command still produces results of files whose physical copies are deleted from your system.

To avoid seeing results of files not present in your machine at the time of punching in the command, you will need to use the locate-e command. The process searches your system to verify the existence of the file you're looking for even if it is still present in your mlocate.db .

$ locate -i -e *text.txt*

/home/tecmint/text.txt
7. Separate Output Entries Without New Line

locate command's default separator is the newline (\\n) character. But if you prefer to use a different separator like the ASCII NUL , you can do so using the -0 command line option.

$ locate -i -0 *text.txt*

/home/tecmint/TEXT.txt/home/tecmint/text.txt
8. Review Your Locate Database

If you're in doubt as to the current status of your mlocate.db , you can easily view the locate database statistics by using the -S command.

$ locate -S

Database /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db:
32,246 directories
4,18,850 files
2,92,36,692 bytes in file names
1,13,64,319 bytes used to store database
9. Suppress Error Messages in Locate

Constantly trying to access your locate database does sometimes yield unnecessary error messages stating that you do not have the required privileges to have root access to the mlocate.db , because you're only a normal user and not the required Superuser.

To completely do away with these message, use the -q command.

$ locate "\*.dat" -q*
10. Choose a Different mlocate Location

If you're inputting queries looking for results not present in the default mlocate database and want answers from a different mlocate.db located somewhere else in your system, you can point the locate command to a different mlocate database at a different part of your system with the -d command.

$ locate -d <new db path> <filename>

locate command might seem like one of those utilities that does everything you asked it to do without much of a hustle but in truth, in order for the process to keep its efficiency, the mlocate.db needs to be fed with information every now and then. Failure to do so might render the program a bit useless.

1995 Summary unix find and fastfind on SunOS and-or Solaris

Sun Managers did it again. Answered all three questions correctly in less
than 24 hours!

Kudos to Dr. Peter Watkins ([email protected]) for answering almost immediatly
with the correct answers. I'm going to use his summary (which is brief)
since I could do no better. Peter writes...

>Taking your questions in a completely random order;
>
> + For Solaris 2.x try the GNU version of 'find'. Currently
> at version 3.8 I think. This has the 'locate' function
> which replicates the fastfind feature.
> Try ugle.unit.no:/pub/gnu/find-3.8.tar.gz

Quite so. I grabbed a copy and it's a perfect solution for my solaris
machines that never came with a fast find. Gnu's Great!

> + I suspect that the reason for duplicate names is that
> updatedb is actually a script (try looking at it) which
> descends the filesystem structure. Consequently if you
> specify / and /fred then fred will get searched twice.
> If you look at the updatedb script you will see that
> certain directories can be included/excluded there. Try
> that instead.

Correct again. I was specifically specifying each partition when in
fact the script is smart enough to assume you want everything minus
a few obvious things that no one would want. This was creating
redundancy which accounts for files being reported twice.

> + Your problem of updatedb not working at all seems a bit
> odd. I suggest you first try;
> /usr/lib/find/updatedb / /usr /nat1 /nat2
> by hand without chucking the output. Possibly the 'find'
> command is not where updatedb expects - look at the
> updatedb script again.

And so I did. It almost immediatly blew up complaining about a lack
of /tmp space. I cheated by changing the script to use a tmp space
out on a data disk. Now it works like a champ. First time in years!

My thanks to Dr. Peter Watkins as well as the other 9 respondees who
wrote later. Most were not able to answer all three questions but
everyone had something interesting to share with me. To see what...
(or if you're one of the other 9 respondees and want to see your name
in print)... credits and micro-summaries below...

-drp

Linux.com CLI Magic locate, slocate, and rlocate

Sometimes you need to find a file that was present in the filesystem for a long time (for example some unix command). In this case you can use locate instead of find. Or slocate it, depending on your distribution. There is just one problem with using locate or slocate, and that's staying up to date. Here's how they work and how to use them, and a brief tease on rlocate,their nimble, more timely, heir apparent.

Slocate and locate both do essentially the same thing: search a database containing the file names and locations on the system for a match and report all that are found. Both count on another program -- updatedb -- to do the heavy lifting by creating/maintaining the database to be searched. Slocate provides greater security by storing the permissions and ownership of each file, and then only showing the files that the user running the slocate request has permission to access.

The format of the locate/slocate is simple: locate options pattern.

If you're only interested in how many times the pattern is found, you can specify the -c option in your search, like this:

locate -c mono

To search case insensitive use the -i option:

locate -i whereami

Since updatedb normally runs just once a day, sometimes you need to find a file that has been created since the last update. When that's the case, just enter the command updatedb as root and let it run. It may take several minutes to complete, or even longer if you have a large number of files to be accounted for. To find out how large your database is, enter the locate -S, like this:

warthawg@linux:~> locate -S
Database /var/lib/locatedb is in the LOCATE02 format.
Locate database size: 3411612 bytes
Filenames: 401444 with a cumulative length of 20196439 bytes
        of which 38656 contain whitespace,
        0 contain newline characters,
        and 43 contain characters with the high bit set.
Compression ratio 83.11%

Having to run the database update program before doing a search in order to have access to the latest files on your system is far from being an elegant solution. Some people just don't want to wait. If that describes you, then you might want to check out a new project called rlocate by Rasto Levrinc. It's based on slocate but with nearly real-time search capabilities. rlocate -- currently available in a beta release -- requires a Linux kernel at 2.6 or later. It functions as a kernel module which maintain a daily database containing the files and directories created since the last time updatedb was run.

When slocate is executed, both the daily database of new files maintained by the rlocate kernel module and the nightly database of all files are searched. The result is a search that yields results no more than 2 seconds old.

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Reference

slocate - Security Enhanced version of the GNU Locate

slocate [-qi] [-d ] [--database=]

slocate [-i] [-r ] [--regexp=]

slocate [-qv] [-o ] [--output=]

slocate [-e ] [-f ] <[-l ] [-c] <[-U ] [-u]>

slocate [-Vh] [--version] [--help]

DESCRIPTION


Secure Locate provides a secure way to index and quickly search for files on your system. It uses incremental encoding just like GNU locate to compress its database to make searching faster, but it will also store file permissions and ownership so that users will not see files they do not have access to.


This manual page documents the GNU version of slocate. slocate Enables system users to search entire filesystems without displaying unauthorized files.

OPTIONS

-u
Create slocate database starting at path /.
-U dir
Create slocate database starting at path dir.
-e
Exclude directories from the slocate database.
-f
Exclude files on specific file systems from the slocate database.
-c
Parse '/etc/updatedb.conf' when updating the slocate database.
-l
Security level. 0 turns security checks off. This will make searchs faster. 1 turns security checks on. This is the default.
-i
Does a case insensitive search.
-q
Quiet mode. Error messages are suppressed.
-n
Limit the amount of results shown to .
-r
--regexp= Search the database using a basic POSIX regular expression.
-o
--output= Specifies the database to create.
-d
--database= Specifies the path of databases to search in.
-h
--help Display this help.
-v
--verbose Verbose mode. Display files when creating database.
-V
--version Display version.

EXAMPLES

locate project
Lists all files that contain the string "project". If that command does not work you will need to run the command:
slocate -u
This command builds the slocate database which will allow you to use the locate (slocate) command. It may take a few minutes to run.



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Last modified: April 19, 2021