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| Alternatives to Norton Ghost |
We all know and love the Debian-based Knoppix. The main attraction of Knoppix for system rescue purposes is that it supports a vast array of hardware—if something doesn't work under Knoppix, chances are it's not supported in Linux.
Knoppix gives you GUI tools for browsing the Web which is extremely important during rescue operations. It also provides applications to write your log of the events in HTML with links intact (OpenOffice)
It is very popular and has excellent community support, including good articles on re-mastering Knoppix to customize it for yourself.
Start at the Knoppix Wiki, and especially the Cheat Codes. These are boot codes for dealing with funky hardware, or turning on special tasks. For example:
The first keyword is always knoppix, like knoppix desktop=fluxbox toram.
Knoppix also comes in a DVD edition, if the CD version isn't enough for you.
It contains a lot of system utilities (parted, partimage, fstools, ...) and basic ones (editors, midnight commander, network tools). It aims to be very easy to use: just boot from the cdrom, and you can do everything. The kernel of the system supports most important file systems (ext2/ext3, reiserfs, xfs, jfs, vfat, ntfs, iso9660), and network ones (samba and nfs).
We are mainly interested in Partimage. The process is pretty straightforward.
See Partimage Imaging - CECNdocs for more information
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My laptop HD is failing, so I want to create an image of the NTFS partition before the drive fails completely. I tried using partimage, which appears to work fine, but the "experimental" status of NTFS support makes me somewhat nervous.
Then I found out about ntfsclone, which would seem to do what I want. However, the the website is marked unmaintained, so I don't know how outdated the info I read would be.
What I need is the ability to restore the saved partition onto a new HD, swap the new HD with the old failing one, and have the laptop boot as if nothing has happened. The new HD would be of the same or larget size than the old HD (though in the latter case, I'd want the extra space be usable as well).
Any suggestions as to which tool would work better?===
Another option is to use GHOST, but if the partition is damaged it might not work. I just recovered files from a defective drive using knoppix 3.7 with great results (but extensive period of time). I did it using Samba, Linux to Windows based network utility and just copied the files this way.
Markus wrote: When my 40 GB hda drive was starting to sound like a frog I bought a 80 GB to replace it with. hda had only 1 partition, hda1. On the new drive I made several partitions, but I made hda1 slightly over 40 GB. Next I plugged them both in, booted knoppix, su'd to root and gave the command: dd if=/dev/hda1 of=/dev/hdb1 while the new drive was the slave on the cable at hdb.
This leaves out the bootloader so I chrooted and ran lilo, but If you just have windows you need to swap the new drive to master, boot with winCD into recovery console and issue fixmbr. When you then bootup the hd it will probably run scandisk but should work.
I know that dd would work, but it's also inefficient and slow. The fact that I have to back up over the network exacerbates the problem.
KoD wrote: Another option is to use GHOST, but if the partition is damaged it might not work. I just recovered files from a defective drive using knoppix 3.7 with great results (but extensive period of time). I did it using Samba, Linux to Windows based network utility and just copied the files this way.
I assume you're referring to g4u, not Norton Ghost. From reading its website, it seems to copy everything, just like dd. Also, it seems to be more sensitive to disk geometry; restoring to larger disks may or may not work.
I guess I could go to the store and pick up Norton Ghost, but I'm too cheap.
In this HOWTO I'll explain the process of cloning hard disks over a LAN using freely-available Linux tools. The original purpose of this document was to assist other IT/support professionals within the company that I work for, but in the spirit of Open Source and the sharing of information, as it got more detailed I decided to take the extra step and contribute it to the IT community at large by posting it on the web. (Also, I did this because thumbnailed images don't work well in an email-circulated PDF.) There are other pages on the web that cover this, but this document assumes no prior knowledge of Linux. It does assume (but doesn't require) some familiarity with Norton Ghost.
This method of disk cloning attempts to get past certain limitations of Norton Ghost. One of these is licensing. For occasional or light use, it doesn't always make sense to purchase a license for Ghost. Another, more important issue, is that the Ghost Boot Wizard includes only a few drivers for common network card chipsets. While it is possible to get other drivers, many new network cards simply don't have DOS-based drivers anymore. By using Linux, there is no need to have several sets of boot disks for different network cards, and there is a much stronger chance that network functionality will "just work" upon booting the machine.
Cons:
User-friendliness - Norton Ghost is a much more complete and mature application than partimage, with more features, a friendlier interface, and good support. This method is not as intuitive as Ghost, and might be a bit confusing the first time it's used, but once you've done it a couple of times it's really not difficult at all.
No multicasting - One of the coolest things about Ghost is multicasting, which partimage doesn't do. (yet)
Pros:
Cost - Every tool we'll use here costs nothing. It's not shareware or even freeware; it's Open Source. Free to copy, distribute, and modify.
Hardware support - By using a "Live CD" distribution of Linux, we benefit from the regularly-released and updated hardware support of a full mainstream server/desktop operating system. There is no digging for network card or SCSI/IDE drivers. The OS either supports it right now or you can be sure it will within a very short time. There's no dependency on antiquated DOS drivers that a hardware vendor may or may not see the merit in creating and releasing.
Experience - While it's not a direct benefit for the task at hand, if this is your first exposure to Linux for system building, backup and recovery, you'll immediately see other uses for these tools.
is a beginner-friendly, 134 page freely downloadable book (released under the GNU Free Documentation License in PDF format). See also Slashdot Grokking Knoppix
O'Reilly title Knoppix Hacks [oreilly.com]
Rescuing a non-booting Linux system
This is the most common scenario. Something goes haywire, and boom, no boot. No problem: boot up Knoppix and find all your local partitions nicely iconicized on the KDE desktop. (Or cruise the file tree to /mnt.) Click on the correct icon, and there are all your files. But they are wisely mounted read-only. Again, no problem: right-click the desktop icon to bring up a nice menu with a "Change read/write mode" option. This mounts the filesystem on the partition as read/write. Now you can edit any file.The default user is
knoppix. For operations that require root privileges, you need tosuto root and assign a root password:
knoppix@ttyp0[knoppix]# su
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# passwdTo mount a filesystem read/write from the command line:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mount -t reiserfs -o rw /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5To unmount:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# umount /mnt/hda5If you get an error message "Could not unmount device, device is busy," something is reading the filesystem. Close files and
cdout of the filesystem.How do you know what mountpoint and filesystem to specify? Just read /etc/fstab:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# cat /etc/fstab
...
# Added by Knoppix
/dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 reiserfs noauto,users,exec 0 0Hardware detection
Before going on a mad config file editing spree, it often pays to examine hardware information. Knoppix excels at this, as it has the latest editions of Linux's excellent hardware and system utilities: fdisk, lspci, iwconfig, ifconfig, dmesg, /proc, and so forth. (Checking hardware information is also handy for testing a system for Linux compatibility before you buy it. Sound cards, softmodems, and wireless NICs are especially troublesome; manufacturers often change the chipsets without changing the model numbers, and you need to know the chipsets to determine if Linux drivers are available. The Knoppix CD also contains a number of sound files, for quick sound testing, starting with "OpenMusic" on the welcome screen.)
fdisk -ldisplays all partitions on all hard drives.lspci -vgives detailed information about every device and chipset connected to the PCI bus.cat /proc/cpuinfotells exactly what CPU is installed.ifconfigdisplays, and also manipulates, network interface settings. Most commonly Ethernet cards and ppp, the modem interface.iwconfigis like ifconfig, but for wireless network cards.dmesgis interesting.man dmesgisn't all that helpful if you're not a kernel hacker. Just usingdmesg | grep <device>is a useful troubleshooting and system discovery tool. To see everything, rundmesgwith no options.And of course KDE provides a nice GUI to see all this; go to System > Info Center.
Rescuing data files
Usually the first rescue chore is to copy data files off of the troubled drive. This is my favorite method when there are large numbers of files to copy: install a second hard drive, then boot Knoppix, then copy files from the old disk to the new disk. Even if you don't have nice hot-swappable drives or removable drive cages, it takes just a couple of minutes to pop the case open and hook one up. Do you have a brand new blank drive, or an old one that needs to be wiped clean and reformatted? No problem, do the disk preparation from Knoppix.Partitioning and formatting
First, install the second hard drive. Then boot Knoppix and open a root shell. If there are partitions already on the second disk, simply re-format whatever ones you need. Note that SCSI drives are designatedsd, while IDE drives arehd. This command displays the existing disk partitions; be sure to use values appropriate for your system:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# fdisk -l /dev/hdbTo format a disk partition:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mkfs.ext2 -c /dev/hdb1This creates a plain-vanilla ext2 filesystem.
-cchecks for bad blocks. Of course, you can make it anything you like: ext3, ReiserFS, whatever:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mke2fs -j -c /dev/hdb1
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mkreiserfs /dev/hdb1What, no partitions? First, here's how to create them the command-line way, with
fdisk. It's medium-safe to futz with fdisk, as changes are not written to disk until you give the command to do so. So, you can try different options and preview the partition table before committing to any changes. This sequence of commands creates a single partition:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# fdisk /dev/hdbType "m" at any time to display a table of
fdiskcommands. Then, type "n" to create a new partition. Now, type "p" to create a primary partition. Hit Enter twice to accept the defaults. Or, if you don't want to use the whole disk, hit Enter once to accept the default starting point, then select the size you want:
+1000MHit "p" at any time to preview the new partition table. When everything looks good, press "w" to write the changes to disk. By default,
fdiskcreates a "type 83" partition, which means Linux. To see a list of partition types, press "l". To change the partition type, hit "t". Want to delete a partition? Easy as pie: press "d" and follow the prompts.QTParted
Even easier is firing up KDE and using QTParted (System > QTParted). QTParted creates, deletes, and non-destructively moves and resizes partitions (even NTFS). So, you can make room to copy your data without losing anything.Copying files the GUI way
I like graphical file managers. It's a lot simpler to drag and drop than to type out long command strings. Click on the icons on the KDE desktop that represent your source drive and the drive you want to copy them to. Each one opens in its own file manager, for fast and easy drag and drop. Be sure to make the destination drive writeable.Copying files at the command line
Remember to create a directory to move files into:
# mkdir /mnt/hdb1/home/carla/backup
# cp -r /mnt/hda5/home/carla /mnt/hdb1/home/carla/backupCloning an entire drive
You'll need two hard drives the same size, or a destination drive larger than the source drive. Make sure no partitions are mounted on either drive. In this example /dev/hda is the source drive, /dev/hdb is the destination drive. Theddcommand makes an exact, byte-for-byte copy, including the MBR (master boot record):
# dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/hdbMounting confusion
Are you losing track of what's mounted, and in what state? No problem, here comes/procto the rescue:
# cat /proc/mountsThis displays all mounted filesystems, the filesystem types, read/write status, and other attributes. How many hard drives are on the system? One of these will tell you (and remember, SCSI drives are
sd, IDE arehd):
# fdisk -lor
# dmesg | grep hdor
# dmesg | grep sdCopying to CD
KDE and Knoppix make this easy. Assuming there is a CD writer on the system, simply right-click on the desktop icon for the partition containing your files, and you will see "Create Data CD with K3b." Do File > New Project, drag and drop the files you want to copy, and there you go. K3b is very good at autodetecting and autoconfiguring your CD drives; it should do it all for you. If something goes awry, please refer to the developerWorks article "Burning CDs on Linux", which also teaches how to burn CDs from the command line.Copying to other media
Zip drives, floppy disks, and USB storage devices will be automatically recognized by Knoppix, and icons will be placed on the desktop. Simply make the drive you want to copy files to writeable, then drag and drop until it's all done.Copying over the network
You can configure Knoppix to connect to a network, just like any other Linux. Knoppix has its own graphical configuration utility: on the main menu find Knoppix > Network/Internet. Again Knoppix's excellent hardware detection comes into play; it even works on wireless NICs (assuming it's a wireless NIC that is supported in Linux!). Simply answer a series of questions, and you're done.It's just as easy from the command line. As root, run:
# netcardconfigOnce your network settings are configured, there are several options for transferring files.
cpis fine for locally mounted filesystems. Copying files over an untrusted network should be done withscp(secure copy), and in fact Knoppix won't let you use anything else.scpuses ssh for encrypted file transfer and lets you move files without setting up NFS or Samba. You'll need an ssh server running somewhere on the network to receive the files. This command copies an entire directory:
# scp -rp /mnt/hda5/home/carla 192.168.1.5:/home/carla/tmpSSH quickstart
What, you have no ssh server? If you really do not yet have ssh installed, here is a quick-start guide to running SSH. But before using it for even routine remote administration tasks, you should study ssh in more depth. Note also that there have been a number of important security patches issued recently.OpenSSH comes with all major Linux distributions, and yours should already have it. (To find out, type
locate sshd.) If not, download and install it. It doesn't need to be on a special machine; any Linux PC can run SSH. Start it up like so:
# /etc/init.d/ssh startThen, all you need is for the same user to have accounts on both machines. Using root is easiest, but potentially dangerous. And, of course, you can create user accounts on Knoppix as needed, with
useraddandpasswd. Then run thescpcommand as in the example above, and there you go.The first time you connect, you'll get a "The authenticity of host X can't be established...are you sure you want to continue connecting?" message. Answer "yes." It will ask for the root password of the SSH server, and then you're home free. To move files as a non-root user:
# scp -rp /mnt/hda5/home/carla carla@192.168.1.5:/home/carla/tmpOpen a root shell on the host system
This lets you operate on the host system, as though you were logged into it directly. Identify the partition the host system is on, then open a Knoppix root shell and mount it:
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/hda1
root@ttyp0[knoppix]# chroot /mnt/hda1
root@Knoppix:/Knoppix glitches
Running programs from a CD can cause some odd troubles, especially on notebooks. It is common for power management to mess up a Knoppix session: when you wake up the machine, Knoppix doesn't respond to commands anymore. The only cure I know is to disable power management, or simply hit the power switch and start over.Sometimes Knoppix gets stuck during boot, and hangs partway into KDE (or any X session) startup. Switch to the first virtual console (Ctrl + Alt + F1) to see the live system messages; this should tell you where the problem is. Hit Alt + F5 to get back to the default X session. For example, on one of my test systems it got stuck doing SCSI detection. Why? Who knows. I disabled SCSI detection by adding
knoppix no scsito the boot command, and that took care of it.Knoppix creative ferment
Linux has always inspired amazing creativity. Knoppix has taken off in a big way, and there are dozens of inventive Knoppix-inspired projects, such as Inside Security Rescue Toolkit, OpenGroupware Knoppix, Damn Small Linux, and Overclockix. See the Resources section below for more information and links to how-tos for making your own customized Knoppix distribution.
- As always, man pages, while not exactly riveting reading, contain complete command and option listings. The following man pages are most useful in rescue operations:
- man fdisk
- man mkfs
- man fstab
- man ifconfig
- man mount
- man proc
- man dmesg
- man iwconfig
- man chroot
- man scp
- man sshd
- man dd
- man lspci
- "Knoppix gives bootable, one-disk Linux" (developerWorks, February 2003) by Cameron Laird is an excellent introduction to Knoppix.
- Knoppix.org is the official site, by the author of Knoppix, Klaus Knopper.
- The primo Knoppix resource, Knoppix.net, includes user forums, Wikis, how-tos, and links to the dozens of projects inspired by Knoppix -- such as making your own customized Live Linux CD, running Knoppix on a hard drive, creative uses of USB pen drives, tiny Linuxes, and more.
- Knoppix Customizations are unoffical Knoppix modifications, including Oralux, with a number of braille drivers, the Norwegian-language SkoleKNOPPIX, and many more.
- The tutorial "Build a Linux test network" (developerWorks, May 2003) includes good GRUB instructions; refer to this for help with curing boot problems.
- "Burning CDs on Linux" (developerWorks, April 2003) shows how to burn CDs from the command line.
- If you're new to Linux development, check out "Basic tasks for new Linux developers" (developerWorks, January 2003), one of a number of introductory articles on the "Speed-start your Linux app" page, developerWorks' resource for developing Linux applications on IBM middleware.
- The Debian GNU/Linux Network Administrator's Manual is an invaluable resource.
- We also recommend Wireless LAN resources for Linux, a comprehensive guide to wireless networking. This site covers everything you need to know about wireless networking on Linux, so please refer to this if you have trouble making a wireless connection during your rescue operations.
- Before Knoppix, Carla's lifesavers were Tom's Root Boot (or tomsrtbt) and Peter Anvin's SuperRescue CD.
- The searchable CERT Coordination Center at Carnegie Mellon University has vulnerability information for various implementations of SSH and other software. A great resource!
- You'll find all the answers in the Secure Shell FAQ.
- OpenSSH is a free and open source implementation of ssh.
- Members of the IBM Linux Technology Center contribute to a number of device-related projects for Linux, including the APC Modem (Mwave) driver, BlueDrekar Middleware transport driver, the Hotplug Project, and USB on Linux, among others. You'll find a complete list of Linux Technology Center-supported projects on the LTC Web site.
- You'll find more Linux articles and tutorials in the developerWorks Linux zone.
Knoppix - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
**** System recovery with Knoppix
Knoppix links from Wikipedia article
Free hard drive Backup and Restore, hard drive Image and Cloning Utilities (thefreecountry.com) -- a very good list. Highly recommended.
Disk cloning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contains good discussion of problems in cloning bootable windows partitions, Sysprep, a utility which runs hardware detection scans and sets the SID and computer name freshly when the machine boots and Universal Imaging Utility from Binary Research (original developers of Symantec's Ghost) which incorporates a large number of hardware device drivers into the sysprep routine.
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Last modified: August 10, 2009
