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sar reports

News Linux implementation of sar Recommended Links Linux Performance Tuning Performance Monitoring Reference System Activity Reporter (sar)
SAR reports Report Generators top command  vmstat iostat Humor Etc

By default daily report are written to the file /var/log/sa/sar${DAY}  by cron script that invokes sa2 (the second line invokes /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 )

Important part of implementation consist of scripts sa1 and sa2 that are invoked from cron, for example

# Activity reports every 10 minutes everyday 
*/10 * * * * root [ -x /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 ] && exec /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 -S ALL 1 1 
# Update reports every 6 hours
55 5,11,17,23 * * * root [ -x /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 ] && exec /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A

The reports are in binary format and can be read only by sar utility.

For example here how you can statistics for cpu:

[0]root@node16: # sar -u
Linux 2.6.18-398.el5 (node16)         02/11/2015

12:00:01 AM       CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait    %steal     %idle
12:10:01 AM       all     96.83      0.00      0.05      0.00      0.00      3.12
12:20:01 AM       all     96.83      0.03      0.05      0.00      0.00      3.09
12:30:01 AM       all     96.86      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.12
12:40:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.12
12:50:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:00:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:10:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:20:01 AM       all     96.87      0.03      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.10
01:30:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:40:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:50:01 AM       all     96.85      0.00      0.03      0.00      0.00      3.12
02:00:01 AM       all     96.83      0.00      0.05      0.00      0.00      3.12
02:10:01 AM       all     96.83      0.00      0.05      0.00      0.00      3.12
02:20:01 AM       all     96.82      0.03      0.05      0.00      0.00      3.10
02:30:01 AM       all     96.86      0.00      0.02      0.00      0.00      3.12
02:40:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.12
02:50:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.13
03:00:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.13
03:10:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
03:20:01 AM       all     96.87      0.03      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.09
03:30:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
03:40:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
03:50:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.12
04:00:01 AM       all     96.83      0.00      0.04      0.00      0.00      3.12
04:10:01 AM       all     96.84      0.00      0.05      0.00      0.00      3.11
04:20:01 AM       all     96.83      0.03      0.05      0.00      0.00      3.10
04:30:01 AM       all     96.84      0.00      0.03      0.00      0.00      3.13
04:40:01 AM       all     96.86      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.12
04:50:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.12
05:00:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.12
05:10:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.12
05:20:02 AM       all     96.87      0.03      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.10
05:30:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
05:40:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
05:50:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.12
06:00:01 AM       all     96.84      0.00      0.03      0.00      0.00      3.12
06:10:01 AM       all     96.84      0.00      0.04      0.00      0.00      3.12
06:20:01 AM       all     96.83      0.03      0.04      0.00      0.00      3.10
06:30:01 AM       all     95.79      0.00      0.04      0.00      0.00      4.17
06:40:01 AM       all     75.97      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00     24.02
06:50:01 AM       all     67.99      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00     32.00
07:00:01 AM       all     60.92      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00     39.08

07:00:01 AM       CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait    %steal     %idle
07:10:01 AM       all     53.25      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00     46.74
07:20:01 AM       all     53.12      0.03      0.01      0.00      0.00     46.84
07:30:01 AM       all     52.93      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00     47.07
07:40:01 AM       all     48.30      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00     51.70
07:50:01 AM       all     46.87      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00     53.12
08:00:01 AM       all     45.76      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00     54.23
08:10:01 AM       all     43.73      0.00      0.02      0.00      0.00     56.25
08:20:01 AM       all     42.54      0.03      0.02      0.00      0.00     57.41
08:30:01 AM       all     35.41      0.00      0.02      0.00      0.00     64.57
08:40:01 AM       all     17.18      0.00      0.01      0.00      0.00     82.81
08:50:01 AM       all      1.34      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00     98.66
09:00:01 AM       all      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00    100.00
09:10:01 AM       all     11.84      0.00      0.05      0.00      0.00     88.12
09:20:01 AM       all     96.87      0.03      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.10
09:30:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
09:40:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
09:50:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
10:00:02 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
10:10:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
10:20:01 AM       all     96.87      0.03      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.10
10:30:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
10:40:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
10:50:01 AM       all     72.11      0.00      0.08      0.00      0.00     27.82
11:00:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
11:10:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
11:20:01 AM       all     96.87      0.03      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.10
11:30:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
11:40:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
11:50:01 AM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
12:00:01 PM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
12:10:01 PM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
12:20:01 PM       all     96.87      0.03      0.01      0.00      0.00      3.10
12:30:01 PM       all     96.81      0.00      0.06      0.00      0.00      3.12
12:40:01 PM       all     96.83      0.00      0.05      0.00      0.00      3.12
12:50:01 PM       all     96.82      0.00      0.05      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:00:01 PM       all     96.84      0.00      0.04      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:10:01 PM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:20:01 PM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:30:01 PM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
01:40:01 PM       all     96.87      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      3.12
Average:          all     85.66      0.00      0.02      0.00      0.00     14.32

01:55:55 PM       LINUX RESTART

02:00:01 PM       CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait    %steal     %idle
02:10:01 PM       all      0.06      0.00      0.01      0.03      0.00     99.90
Average:          all      0.06      0.00      0.01      0.03      0.00     99.90

02:17:13 PM       LINUX RESTART

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[Apr 03, 2017] 10 Useful Sar (Sysstat) Examples for UNIX

Linux Performance Monitoring

3. Memory Free and Used (sar -r)

This reports the memory statistics. "1 3" reports for every 1 seconds a total of 3 times. Most likely you'll focus on "kbmemfree" and "kbmemused" for free and used memory.

$ sar -r 1 3
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

07:28:06 AM kbmemfree kbmemused  %memused kbbuffers  kbcached  kbcommit   %commit  kbactive   kbinact
07:28:07 AM   6209248   2097432     25.25    189024   1796544    141372      0.85   1921060     88204
07:28:08 AM   6209248   2097432     25.25    189024   1796544    141372      0.85   1921060     88204
07:28:09 AM   6209248   2097432     25.25    189024   1796544    141372      0.85   1921060     88204
Average:      6209248   2097432     25.25    189024   1796544    141372      0.85   1921060     88204

Following are few variations:

4. Swap Space Used (sar -S)

This reports the swap statistics. "1 3" reports for every 1 seconds a total of 3 times. If the "kbswpused" and "%swpused" are at 0, then your system is not swapping.

$ sar -S 1 3
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

07:31:06 AM kbswpfree kbswpused  %swpused  kbswpcad   %swpcad
07:31:07 AM   8385920         0      0.00         0      0.00
07:31:08 AM   8385920         0      0.00         0      0.00
07:31:09 AM   8385920         0      0.00         0      0.00
Average:      8385920         0      0.00         0      0.00

Following are few variations:

Notes:

5. Overall I/O Activities (sar -b)

This reports I/O statistics. "1 3" reports for every 1 seconds a total of 3 times.

Following fields are displays in the example below.

$ sar -b 1 3
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

01:56:28 PM       tps      rtps      wtps   bread/s   bwrtn/s
01:56:29 PM    346.00    264.00     82.00   2208.00    768.00
01:56:30 PM    100.00     36.00     64.00    304.00    816.00
01:56:31 PM    282.83     32.32    250.51    258.59   2537.37
Average:       242.81    111.04    131.77    925.75   1369.90

Following are few variations:

Note: Use "sar -v" to display number of inode handlers, file handlers, and pseudo-terminals used by the system.

6. Individual Block Device I/O Activities (sar -d)

To identify the activities by the individual block devices (i.e a specific mount point, or LUN, or partition), use "sar -d"

$ sar -d 1 1
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

01:59:45 PM       DEV       tps  rd_sec/s  wr_sec/s  avgrq-sz  avgqu-sz     await     svctm     %util
01:59:46 PM    dev8-0      1.01      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      4.00      1.00      0.10
01:59:46 PM    dev8-1      1.01      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      4.00      1.00      0.10
01:59:46 PM dev120-64      3.03     64.65      0.00     21.33      0.03      9.33      5.33      1.62
01:59:46 PM dev120-65      3.03     64.65      0.00     21.33      0.03      9.33      5.33      1.62
01:59:46 PM  dev120-0      8.08      0.00    105.05     13.00      0.00      0.38      0.38      0.30
01:59:46 PM  dev120-1      8.08      0.00    105.05     13.00      0.00      0.38      0.38      0.30
01:59:46 PM dev120-96      1.01      8.08      0.00      8.00      0.01      9.00      9.00      0.91
01:59:46 PM dev120-97      1.01      8.08      0.00      8.00      0.01      9.00      9.00      0.91

In the above example "DEV" indicates the specific block device.

For example: "dev53-1" means a block device with 53 as major number, and 1 as minor number.

The device name (DEV column) can display the actual device name (for example: sda, sda1, sdb1 etc.,), if you use the -p option (pretty print) as shown below.

$ sar -p -d 1 1
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

01:59:45 PM       DEV       tps  rd_sec/s  wr_sec/s  avgrq-sz  avgqu-sz     await     svctm     %util
01:59:46 PM       sda      1.01      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      4.00      1.00      0.10
01:59:46 PM      sda1      1.01      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      4.00      1.00      0.10
01:59:46 PM      sdb1      3.03     64.65      0.00     21.33      0.03      9.33      5.33      1.62
01:59:46 PM      sdc1      3.03     64.65      0.00     21.33      0.03      9.33      5.33      1.62
01:59:46 PM      sde1      8.08      0.00    105.05     13.00      0.00      0.38      0.38      0.30
01:59:46 PM      sdf1      8.08      0.00    105.05     13.00      0.00      0.38      0.38      0.30
01:59:46 PM      sda2      1.01      8.08      0.00      8.00      0.01      9.00      9.00      0.91
01:59:46 PM      sdb2      1.01      8.08      0.00      8.00      0.01      9.00      9.00      0.91

Following are few variations:

7. Display context switch per second (sar -w)

This reports the total number of processes created per second, and total number of context switches per second. "1 3" reports for every 1 seconds a total of 3 times.

$ sar -w 1 3
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

08:32:24 AM    proc/s   cswch/s
08:32:25 AM      3.00     53.00
08:32:26 AM      4.00     61.39
08:32:27 AM      2.00     57.00

Following are few variations:

8. Reports run queue and load average (sar -q)

This reports the run queue size and load average of last 1 minute, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes. "1 3" reports for every 1 seconds a total of 3 times.

$ sar -q 1 3
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

06:28:53 AM   runq-sz  plist-sz   ldavg-1   ldavg-5  ldavg-15   blocked
06:28:54 AM         0       230      2.00      3.00      5.00         0
06:28:55 AM         2       210      2.01      3.15      5.15         0
06:28:56 AM         2       230      2.12      3.12      5.12         0
Average:            3       230      3.12      3.12      5.12         0

Note: The "blocked" column displays the number of tasks that are currently blocked and waiting for I/O operation to complete.

Following are few variations:

9. Report network statistics (sar -n)

This reports various network statistics. For example: number of packets received (transmitted) through the network card, statistics of packet failure etc.,. "1 3" reports for every 1 seconds a total of 3 times.

sar -n KEYWORD

KEYWORD can be one of the following:

$ sar -n DEV 1 1
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

01:11:13 PM     IFACE   rxpck/s   txpck/s   rxbyt/s   txbyt/s   rxcmp/s   txcmp/s  rxmcst/s
01:11:14 PM        lo      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
01:11:14 PM      eth0    342.57    342.57  93923.76 141773.27      0.00      0.00      0.00
01:11:14 PM      eth1      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
10. Report Sar Data Using Start Time (sar -s)

When you view historic sar data from the /var/log/sa/saXX file using "sar -f" option, it displays all the sar data for that specific day starting from 12:00 a.m for that day.

Using "-s hh:mi:ss" option, you can specify the start time. For example, if you specify "sar -s 10:00:00", it will display the sar data starting from 10 a.m (instead of starting from midnight) as shown below.

You can combine -s option with other sar option.

For example, to report the load average on 26th of this month starting from 10 a.m in the morning, combine the -q and -s option as shown below.

$ sar -q -f /var/log/sa/sa23 -s 10:00:01
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

10:00:01 AM   runq-sz  plist-sz   ldavg-1   ldavg-5  ldavg-15   blocked
10:10:01 AM         0       127      2.00      3.00      5.00         0
10:20:01 AM         0       127      2.00      3.00      5.00         0
...
11:20:01 AM         0       127      5.00      3.00      3.00         0
12:00:01 PM         0       127      4.00      2.00      1.00         0

There is no option to limit the end-time. You just have to get creative and use head command as shown below.

For example, starting from 10 a.m, if you want to see 7 entries, you have to pipe the above output to "head -n 10".

$ sar -q -f /var/log/sa/sa23 -s 10:00:01 | head -n 10
Linux 2.6.18-194.el5PAE (dev-db)        03/26/2011      _i686_  (8 CPU)

10:00:01 AM   runq-sz  plist-sz   ldavg-1   ldavg-5  ldavg-15   blocked
10:10:01 AM         0       127      2.00      3.00      5.00         0
10:20:01 AM         0       127      2.00      3.00      5.00         0
10:30:01 AM         0       127      3.00      5.00      2.00         0
10:40:01 AM         0       127      4.00      2.00      1.00         2
10:50:01 AM         0       127      3.00      5.00      5.00         0
11:00:01 AM         0       127      2.00      1.00      6.00         0
11:10:01 AM         0       127      1.00      3.00      7.00         2

There is lot more to cover in Linux performance monitoring and tuning. We are only getting started. More articles to come in the performance series.

Linux-101-Hacks

Display CPU Statistics using Sar Command

# sar –u

Linux 2.6.9-42.ELsmp (dev-db) 01/01/2009

12:00:01 AM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %idle

12:05:01 AM all 3.70 0.00 0.85 0.00 95.45

12:10:01 AM all 4.59 0.00 1.19 0.06 94.16

12:15:01 AM all 3.90 0.00 0.95 0.04 95.11

12:20:01 AM all 4.06 0.00 1.00 0.01 94.93

12:25:01 AM all 3.89 0.00 0.87 0.00 95.23

12:30:01 AM all 3.89 0.00 0.87 0.00 95.23

Skipped..

Average: all 4.56 0.00 1.00 0.15 94.29

Note: If you need a break down of the performance data for the individual CPU's, execute the following command.

# sar -u -P ALL

Display Disk IO Statistics using sar command

# sar –d

Linux 2.6.9-42.ELsmp (dev-db) 01/01/2009

12:00:01 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s

12:05:01 AM dev2-0 1.65 1.28 45.43

12:10:01 AM dev8-1 4.08 8.11 21.81

Skipped..

Average: dev2-0 4.66 120.77 69.45

Average: dev8-1 1.89 3.17 8.02

Display networking Statistics using sar command

# sar -n DEV | more

Linux 2.6.9-42.ELsmp (dev-db) 01/01/2009

12:00:01 AM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxbyt/s txbyt/s rxcmp/s txcmp/

s rxmcst/s

12:05:01 AM lo 0.17 0.16 25.31 23.33 0.00 0.0

0 0.00

12:10:01 AM eth0 52.92 53.64 10169.74 12178.57 0.00 0.0

0 0.00

# sar -n SOCK |more

Linux 2.6.9-42.ELsmp (dev-db) 01/01/2009

12:00:01 AM totsck tcpsck udpsck rawsck ip-frag

12:05:01 AM 50 13 3 0 0

12:10:01 AM 50 13 4 0 0

[May 23, 2009] Linux.com CLI Magic Tracking system performance with sar By Keith Winston

March 20, 2006
Sadc (system activity data collector) is the program that gathers performance data. It pulls its data out of the virtual /proc filesystem, then it saves the data in a file (one per day) named /var/log/sa/saDD where DD is the day of the month.

Two shell scripts from the sysstat package control how the data collector is run. The first script, sa1, controls how often data is collected, while sa2 creates summary reports (one per day) in /var/log/sa/sarDD. Both scripts are run from cron. In the default configuration, data is collected every 10 minutes and summarized just before midnight.

If you suspect a performance problem with a particular program, you can use sadc to collect data on a particular process (with the -x argument), or its children (-X), but you will need to set up a custom script using those flags.

As Dr. Heisenberg showed, the act of measuring something changes it. Any tool that collects performance data has some overall negative impact on system performance, but with sar, the impact seems to be minimal. I ran a test with the sa1 cron job set to gather data every minute (on a server that was not busy) and it didn't cause any serious issues. That may not hold true on a busy system.

Creating reports

If the daily summary reports created by the sa2 script are not enough, you can create your own custom reports using sar. The sar program reads data from the current daily data file unless you specify otherwise. To have sar read a particular data file, use the -f /var/log/sa/saDD option. You can select multiple files by using multiple -f options. Since many of sar's reports are lengthy, you may want to pipe the output to a file.

To create a basic report showing CPU usage and I/O wait time percentage, use sar with no flags. It produces a report similar to this:

01:10:00 PM       CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait     %idle
01:20:00 PM       all      7.78      0.00      3.34     20.94     67.94
01:30:00 PM       all      0.75      0.00      0.46      1.71     97.08
01:40:00 PM       all      0.65      0.00      0.48      1.63     97.23
01:50:00 PM       all      0.96      0.00      0.74      2.10     96.19
02:00:00 PM       all      0.58      0.00      0.54      1.87     97.01
02:10:00 PM       all      0.80      0.00      0.60      1.27     97.33
02:20:01 PM       all      0.52      0.00      0.37      1.17     97.94
02:30:00 PM       all      0.49      0.00      0.27      1.18     98.06
Average:          all      1.85      0.00      0.44      2.56     95.14

If the %idle is near zero, your CPU is overloaded. If the %iowait is large, your disks are overloaded.

To check the kernel's paging performance, use sar -B, which will produce a report similar to this:

11:00:00 AM  pgpgin/s pgpgout/s   fault/s  majflt/s
11:10:00 AM      8.90     34.08      0.00      0.00
11:20:00 AM      2.65     26.63      0.00      0.00
11:30:00 AM      1.91     34.92      0.00      0.00
11:40:01 AM      0.26     36.78      0.00      0.00
11:50:00 AM      0.53     32.94      0.00      0.00
12:00:00 PM      0.17     30.70      0.00      0.00
12:10:00 PM      1.22     27.89      0.00      0.00
12:20:00 PM      4.11    133.48      0.00      0.00
12:30:00 PM      0.41     31.31      0.00      0.00
Average:       130.91     27.04      0.00      0.00

Raw paging numbers may not be of concern, but a high number of major faults (majflt/s) indicate that the system needs more memory. Note that majflt/s is only valid with kernel versions 2.5 and later.

For network statistics, use sar -n DEV. The -n DEV option tells sar to generate a report that shows the number of packets and bytes sent and received for each interface. Here is an abbreviated version of the report:

11:00:00 AM     IFACE   rxpck/s   txpck/s   rxbyt/s   txbyt/s
11:10:00 AM        lo      0.62      0.62     35.03     35.03
11:10:00 AM      eth0     29.16     36.71   4159.66  34309.79
11:10:00 AM      eth1      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
11:20:00 AM        lo      0.29      0.29     15.85     15.85
11:20:00 AM      eth0     25.52     32.08   3535.10  29638.15
11:20:00 AM      eth1      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00

To see network errors, try sar -n EDEV, which shows network failures.

Reports on current activity

Sar can also be used to view what is happening with a specific subsystem, such as networking or I/O, almost in real time. By passing a time interval (in seconds) and a count for the number of reports to produce, you can take an immediate snapshot of a system to find a potential bottleneck.

For example, to see the basic report every second for the next 10 seconds, use sar 1 10. You can run any of the reports this way to see near real-time results.

Benchmarking

Even if you have plenty of horsepower to run your applications, you can use sar to track changes in the workload over time. To do this, save the summary reports (sar only saves seven) to a different directory over a period of a few weeks or a month. This set of reports can serve as a baseline for the normal system workload. Then compare new reports against the baseline to see how the workload is changing over time. You can automate your comparison reports with AWK or your favorite programming language.

In large systems management, benchmarking is important to predict when and how hardware should be upgraded. It also provides ammunition to justify your hardware upgrade requests.

Digging deeper

In my experience, most hardware performance problems are related to the disks, memory, or CPU. Perhaps more frequently, application programming errors or poorly designed databases cause serious performance issues.

Whatever the problems, sar and friends can give you a comprehensive view of how things are working and help track down bottlenecks to fix a sluggish system. The examples here just scratch the surface of what sar can do. If you take a look at the man pages, it should be easy to customize a set of reports for your needs.


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